¿Cuáles son los tipos de dializadores?
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2021-12-01
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LEPU
El dializador consiste en una membrana de diálisis y su estructura de soporte para reemplazar el riñón. La membrana de diálisis es la parte principal del dializador, que separa la sangre del dializado. Durante la diálisis, la sangre y el dializado fluyen en direcciones opuestas a ambos lados de la membrana, y el agua y los solutos se intercambian a través de la membrana semipermeable. El rendimiento del dializador determina el efecto del tratamiento de diálisis y es un factor de referencia importante para el desarrollo de programas de hemodiálisis.
The characteristics of the Hemodializador are composed of two parts: design characteristics and working characteristics. Design features include the configuration of the Dializador, the pre-charge of the blood chamber and the dialysate chamber, the type of membrane, and the biocompatibility. Working characteristics include the transfer rate of different solutes and water. There are several classification methods for Dializadors.
Ⅰ. Clasificación según la configuración del dializador
Dialyzers are divided into tube type, flat type, and hollow fiber type. At present, the commonly used Dializadors are hollow fiber type, and the flat-type and tube-type Dializadors used in the early days have been basically eliminated.
The Dializador de fibra hueca is composed of 8000-12000 hollow fibers, the fiber inner diameter is 200-300um, and the wall thickness is 2-30um. The hollow fibers are bundled into bundles and placed in the formed Dializador casing, and the casing and the dialyzing membrane are sealed with polyurethane. The blood flows through the hollow fibers, and the dialysate flows in the opposite direction outside the fibers.
Ⅱ. Clasificación según el material de la membrana del dializador
Según el material de la membrana, los dializadores se pueden dividir en 4 categorías:
1. Regenerated cellulose membrane Dializador, including copper imitation membrane and copper ammonia membrane Dializador. There are free hydroxyl groups on the surface of cellulose, which can react with blood components and has poor biocompatibility. After the Cupra treatment, the fiber surface is smoother and the biocompatibility is improved.
2. Acetate cellulose membrane Dializador. The cellulose is acetylated before the film is formed, which improves the biocompatibility and performance of the film.
3. Replace the fiber membrane Dializador. Blood imitation membrane is an alternative copper imitation membrane because its surface-free hydroxyl groups are covered by tertiary ammonia compounds, which have good biocompatibility.
4. Synthetic fiber membrane Dializador. Materials for this Dializador include polyacrylonitrile, polymethylmethacrylate, polysulfone, polycarbonate, polyethylene, and polyamide. They have a higher transport coefficient and ultrafiltration coefficient, better biocompatibility, but a higher price.
Ⅲ. Clasificación según el coeficiente de ultrafiltración del dializador
According to the ultrafiltration coefficient, there are two different Tipos del dializador:
1. Low ultrafiltration coefficient Dializador. Ultrafiltration coefficient <15ml/(mmHg.h㎡), including copper imitation membrane, cuprammonium membrane, blood imitation membrane, and cellulose acetate membrane.
2. High-throughput and high-efficiency Dializador. Ultrafiltration coefficient> 15 ml/(mmHg.h㎡), has a very high removal rate for medium molecular weight substances and can remove large molecular weight β2-microglobulin and other macromolecular substances. Typical high-efficiency Hemodializadors include polysulfone membrane series, PAN membrane, PMMA membrane, and cellulose acetate membrane Dializador.
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